Aeolian Transport

Saharan Dust Transport Visualizer

Trans-continental fluxes from the Sahara to Amazonia, Europe & the North Atlantic — based on The Sahara as a Global Fertiliser (Bousabaa, 2025).

Flux Reduction Simulator
Simulate a reduction of the annual trans-Atlantic dust flux (CMIP6 projects −20–30% by 2100). Watch the impact on the Amazon in real time.
Flux level
100%Equilibrium
0% — No flux↑ −20% threshold100% — Current
Amazon P Balance
−200 t P yr⁻¹
Saharan input vs leaching losses (22,200 t P yr⁻¹). At −200 t: near-equilibrium (99% covered).
Forest Area Protected
550,000 km²
Area whose long-term survival is dust-dependent (8–12% NPP enhancement). Amazon basin: 5.5 ×10⁶ km².
Amazon CO₂ Sequestration
2.20 Pg C yr⁻¹
Current Amazon sink: 2.2 Pg C yr⁻¹. Dust-driven NPP boost: ~10%. Baseline without dust: 1.98 Pg C yr⁻¹.
Methodology
MODIS/MISR AOD retrievals · HYSPLIT back-trajectories · MERRA-2 reanalysis (60–70% of interannual AOD variance) · MONARCH dust model (RMSE 0.05–0.15). P content: 800 mg kg⁻¹ dry weight (600–900 range). Period: 1980–2020.
Bousabaa — The Sahara as a Global Fertiliser · Swap et al. (1992) · Yu et al. (2015) · Formenti et al. (2008)
Trend 1980–2020: −15% trans-Atlantic flux. CMIP6 projects −20–30% by 2100 driven by Sahel regreening.
Season
Annual
DJF
MAM
JJA
SON
Global Budget Bousabaa
182
Total emission (Mt yr⁻¹)
22,000
P to Amazon (t P yr⁻¹)
Sirocco
To S. Europe (events)
22 ±3
To Amazon (Mt yr⁻¹)
Source: Bousabaa — The Sahara as a Global Fertiliser
Dust Flux Routes
Trans-Atlantic Highway
Bodélé / W. Sahara → Amazon Basin
Annual flux
27.7 ±4.5 Mt yr⁻¹
P to Amazon
22,000 t P yr⁻¹
15% of total Saharan emission · 50% sourced from Bodélé Depression · Covers 99% of Amazon P losses
Sirocco — Mediterranean
Central Sahara / Libya → Southern Europe
MAM peak
10.5 Mt
Events/year
10–20
Spring maximum (MAM) · AOD >0.5 over S. Spain & Italy · Red dust rain events · Ca & Mg inputs to Alpine forests
North Atlantic Plume
Bodélé / Sahel → Tropical Atlantic
Bodélé emission
91 Mt yr⁻¹
~50% of total
0.5% of Sahara
Bodélé = 0.5% of Sahara area, 50% of total emission · 182 t km⁻² yr⁻¹ vs 10.5 t km⁻² yr⁻¹ elsewhere
Caribbean Branch
Cape Verde → Caribbean & SE USA
Ocean deposition
5.7 ±1 Mt yr⁻¹
Fe soluble
35–175 t yr⁻¹
Adjacent tropical Atlantic · Soluble Fe: 1–5% of total iron · Fertilises ocean phytoplankton
×1.0
Season :
Annual
DJF
MAM
JJA
SON